An anterior compression fracture of the spine involves which column(s)?

An anterior compression fracture of the spine primarily affects the anterior column. The spine is generally understood in terms of three columns: the anterior column, which consists of the anterior longitudinal ligament and the anterior portion of the vertebrae, including the body; the middle column, which includes the posterior vertebral body and the posterior longitudinal ligament; and the posterior column, which encompasses the bony structures forming the spinal canal, including the laminae and spinous processes.

In an anterior compression fracture, the force typically compresses the front part of the vertebra, leading to a fracture that mainly involves the anterior column. This type of fracture is frequently associated with traumatic events that cause a vertical load, resulting in the collapse of the vertebral body at the front. Because the injury is localized to the anterior portion, the other two columns—the middle and the posterior—are not primarily involved in this type of fracture. Understanding the anatomy of the spine and the mechanics of injury helps clarify how different types of fractures can affect specific columns.